Abstract: A comprehensive review of the application for halogen-free flame retardants in the field of wire and cable was carried out. Specific mechanism of flame retardant effect, test method of core performance and technical challenges in the process of industrialization were discussed in depth. According to special flame retardant requirements of cable materials, efficiency characteristics and technical problems of environmentally friendly flame retardant schemes such as phosphorus-based compounds, nitrogen-based flame retardants, metal hydroxides and nanocomposite systems were deeply analyzed, and all the key values in resolving the contradiction between high filling ratio and matrix compatibility in multi-component synergistic flame retardant strategy were highlighted in the paper. By systematically comparing the differences between laboratory research data and engineering application effects, it was shown that there was a certain deviation between current flame retardant evaluation system and actual fire environment. Based on this, it was suggested that future research should shift from single material modification to optimal design of overall fire safety performance for the cable system. The paper could provide theoretical support and technical route reference for the development of environmentally friendly flame retardant cables.